The Santa Maria della Scala Museum Complex, situated directly across from the splendid Siena Cathedral, is a historic hospital that dates back to the 11th century, originally founded to care for orphans, the poor, and pilgrims. It is one of the oldest hospitals in the world and played a crucial role in Siena's civic life, being one of the first hospitals to have its own constitution. The complex has been transformed into a museum and is a treasure trove of art, archaeology, and history, highlighting Siena’s rich cultural heritage. Visitors can explore various sections including the Pellegrinaio or Pilgrim's Hall with its impressive frescoes, the Chapel of the Mantle, the Museum for Children, and the Archaeological Museum. A section of this complex also houses the National Archaeological Museum of Siena. Through its exhibitions, it provides a unique glimpse into the daily life of the hospital and the city's past, including the Etruscan and Roman periods. The underground tunnels and the Oratory of Santa Caterina add to the allure of this remarkable architectural complex.