Ujjain, an ancient city situated in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, possesses a rich historical and cultural lineage as one of Hinduism's seven sacred cities. Renowned for its spiritual significance, Ujjain is particularly famous for hosting the Kumbh Mela, one of the largest religious congregations that occurs every 12 years. The city's spiritual heart is the Mahakaleshwar Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, which is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas. Ujjain lies on the banks of the River Shipra and its history is intertwined with a blend of mythological and historical events dating back to the times when it was the capital of the Avanti kingdom. Historically, the city also holds the distinction of being an important center of learning, particularly in the fields of astronomy and astrology; this is reflected in the ancient Vedh Shala or Observatory created by Maharaja Jai Singh II. The blend of ancient architecture with religious ethos imbues Ujjain with an aura of timelessness that continues to draw pilgrims and tourists alike.